rat mouse ghrelin total elisa kits  (Merck & Co)

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Nose‐to‐Brain Delivery of Acyl‐Ghrelin Peptide Gold Nanoconjugates for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

doi: 10.1002/smll.202504517

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration representing ghrelin‐PEG‐AuNR conjugation. The carboxyl groups in the C‐terminus or glutamic acid residues at positions 8 and 17 in acyl‐ghrelin are the potential targeted sites for NH 2 ‐PEG‐SH conjugation. Reaction conditions were optimized to favor the formation of mono‐PEG substituted ghrelin at its C‐terminus.

Article Snippet: Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Total) ELISA kits and Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Active) ELISA kits were purchased from Merck Life Science (UK).

Techniques: Conjugation Assay

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Nose‐to‐Brain Delivery of Acyl‐Ghrelin Peptide Gold Nanoconjugates for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

doi: 10.1002/smll.202504517

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optimization of ghrelin‐PEG‐SH synthesis reaction conditions. A) SDS‐PAGE analysis of the reaction mixture containing 10 µg ghrelin by Western blotting analysis and B) iodine staining confirmed that a ghrelin‐to‐NH 2 ‐PEG‐SH molar ratio of 1:1 resulted in the highest yield of monofunctionalized ghrelin‐PEG, (ghrelin‐(PEG‐SH) 1 ).

Article Snippet: Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Total) ELISA kits and Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Active) ELISA kits were purchased from Merck Life Science (UK).

Techniques: SDS Page, Western Blot, Staining

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Nose‐to‐Brain Delivery of Acyl‐Ghrelin Peptide Gold Nanoconjugates for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

doi: 10.1002/smll.202504517

Figure Lengend Snippet: Physicochemical properties and biological evaluation of ghrelin‐PEG‐AuNRs and their precursors. A) Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering. B) Dot blot immunostaining. C) 1 H NMR spectra analysis confirming the presence of PEG and ghrelin on AuNRs. D) Cytotoxicity of the AuNRs constructs in SN4741 cells at the 24 h timepoint using the modified LDH assay. Data is expressed as mean ± SD, n = 5. Altogether, ghrelin‐PEG‐AuNRs were successfully synthesized and demonstrated improved biocompatibility compared to as‐synthesized AuNRs.

Article Snippet: Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Total) ELISA kits and Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Active) ELISA kits were purchased from Merck Life Science (UK).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Dot Blot, Immunostaining, Construct, Modification, Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay, Synthesized

Journal: Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Article Title: Nose‐to‐Brain Delivery of Acyl‐Ghrelin Peptide Gold Nanoconjugates for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

doi: 10.1002/smll.202504517

Figure Lengend Snippet: Brain uptake and bioactivity of ghrelin‐PEG‐AuNRs after intranasal administration. C57BL/6 mice were intranasally administered with ghrelin‐PEG‐AuNRs at A) 10 or 20 µg ghrelin equivalent and sacrificed at 10 min post‐administration or B) 10 µg ghrelin equivalent and sacrificed at 10, 30, or 60 min post‐administration. Tissue lysates were analyzed using the total or active ELISA kits for quantification of total and acyl‐ghrelin, respectively. C) Ghrelin‐PEG‐AuNRs induced AMPK phosphorylation at 30 and 60 min post‐administration as evidenced by the representative Western blot images of pAMPKα and AMPKα and quantification of pAMPKα/AMPKα levels in brain lysates. Values were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Total) ELISA kits and Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Active) ELISA kits were purchased from Merck Life Science (UK).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Phospho-proteomics, Western Blot

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Cold Exposure Rejuvenates the Metabolic Phenotype of Panx1 −/− Mice

doi: 10.3390/biom14091058

Figure Lengend Snippet: Panx1 deletion enhances glucose over fat metabolism in 14-week-old mice. ( A ) Body weights of all 14-week-old WT (black dots) and Panx1 −/− (red dots) mice before separating them into 3 groups. ( B ) Fat mass of WT and Panx1 −/− mice (G1) measured by echoMRI. Serum total cholesterol ( C ), FFA ( D ), and TG ( E ) levels in WT and Panx1 −/− mice. Indirect calorimetry allowed the quantification of energy expenditure ( F ), cumulative food intake ( G ), cumulative water consumption ( H ), respiratory exchange ratio ( K ), and FA oxidation ( L ) in WT and Panx1 −/− mice (mice were housed two per cage; each cage was considered as one pooled sample; N = 6 cages). The active period of mice is indicated in light blue. Ghrelin ( I ), leptin ( J ), and FGF21 ( N ) levels measured by ELISA in serum of WT and Panx1 −/− mice. ( M ) Oral glucose tolerance test and ( O ) insulin tolerance test of WT (OGTT: N = 29; ITT: N = 20) and Panx1 −/− (OGTT: N = 30; ITT: N = 20) mice. Data are shown as individual data points, except for time lines where the number of mice is specified, and expressed as mean ± SEM. * p ≤ 0.05, † p ≤ 0.01, and ‡ p ≤ 0.001.

Article Snippet: Serum adipokine concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays for leptin (Quantikine ELISA mouse/rat leptin; R&D systems, Zug, Switzerland), ghrelin (rat/mouse ghrelin total ELISA kit; Millipore, Schaffhausen, Switzerland) or fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) (Quantikine ELISA mouse/rat FGF21; R&D systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Cold Exposure Rejuvenates the Metabolic Phenotype of Panx1 −/− Mice

doi: 10.3390/biom14091058

Figure Lengend Snippet: The metabolic phenotype of Panx1 −/− mice normalizes between 14 and 20 weeks of age. ( A ) Body weight of 20-week-old WT (black dots) and Panx1 −/− mice (red dots). ( B ) The weight gain of the mice between 14 and 20 weeks of age was also measured. ( C ) Fat mass and ( D ) difference in fat mass (as compared to their fat mass at 14 weeks) of WT and Panx1 −/− mice were measured by echoMRI. Serum total cholesterol ( E ), FFA ( F ), and TG ( G ) levels in WT and Panx1 −/− mice. Energy expenditure ( H ), cumulative food intake ( I ), cumulative water consumption ( J ), respiratory exchange ratio ( M ), and FA oxidation ( N ) in WT and Panx1 −/− mice were measured by indirect calorimetry (N = 3 cages). The active period of mice is indicated in light blue. Ghrelin ( K ), leptin ( L ), and FGF21 ( Q ) levels measured by ELISA in serum of WT and Panx1 −/− mice. ( O ) Oral glucose tolerance test and ( P ) insulin tolerance test of WT (OGTT: N = 15; ITT: N = 8) and Panx1 −/− (OGTT: N = 15; ITT: N = 8) mice. Data are shown as individual data points, except for time lines where the number of mice is specified, and expressed as mean ± SEM. * p ≤ 0.05 and † p ≤ 0.01.

Article Snippet: Serum adipokine concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays for leptin (Quantikine ELISA mouse/rat leptin; R&D systems, Zug, Switzerland), ghrelin (rat/mouse ghrelin total ELISA kit; Millipore, Schaffhausen, Switzerland) or fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) (Quantikine ELISA mouse/rat FGF21; R&D systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Cold Exposure Rejuvenates the Metabolic Phenotype of Panx1 −/− Mice

doi: 10.3390/biom14091058

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cold exposure evokes different metabolic changes in Panx1 −/− and WT mice. ( A ) Body weights of 20-week-old WT (black dots) and Panx1 −/− (red dots) after 4 weeks of cold exposure at 6 °C. ( B ) The weight gain of the mice between 14 and 20 weeks of age was also measured. ( C ) Fat mass and ( D ) difference in fat mass (as compared to their fat mass at 14 weeks) of cold-exposed WT and Panx1 −/− mice were measured by echoMRI. Serum total cholesterol ( E ), FFA ( F ), and TG ( G ) levels in cold-exposed WT and Panx1 −/− mice. Energy expenditure ( H ), cumulative food intake ( I ), cumulative water consumption ( J ), respiratory exchange ratio ( M ), and FA oxidation ( N ) in WT and Panx1 −/− mice were measured by indirect calorimetry (N = 3 cages) during cold exposure. The active period of mice is indicated in light blue. Ghrelin ( K ), leptin ( L ), and FGF21 ( P ) levels measured by ELISA in serum of cold-exposed WT and Panx1 −/− mice. ( O ) Oral glucose tolerance test and ( Q ) insulin tolerance test of cold-exposed WT (OGTT: N = 15; ITT: N = 8) and Panx1 −/− (OGTT: N = 15; ITT: N = 8) mice. Data are shown as individual data points, except for time lines where the number of mice is specified, and expressed as mean ± SEM. * p ≤ 0.05, † p ≤ 0.01, and ‡ p ≤ 0.001.

Article Snippet: Serum adipokine concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays for leptin (Quantikine ELISA mouse/rat leptin; R&D systems, Zug, Switzerland), ghrelin (rat/mouse ghrelin total ELISA kit; Millipore, Schaffhausen, Switzerland) or fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) (Quantikine ELISA mouse/rat FGF21; R&D systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Cold Exposure Rejuvenates the Metabolic Phenotype of Panx1 −/− Mice

doi: 10.3390/biom14091058

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustrating the main findings of our study. Upon chronic cold exposure (6 °C) Panx1 −/− mice exhibit increased energy expenditure and have an increased ghrelin/leptin ratio resulting in increased food and water intake. Their serum TG and FFAs, as well as fat mass, are relatively decreased as compared to WT mice under the same conditions. WAT of cold-exposed Panx1 −/− mice contain smaller adipocytes than WT mice with increased levels of Glut4. While chronic cold exposure induced Glut4, Cidea, Ucp1, and Cpt1 in WAT of WT mice, chronic cold exposure of Panx1 −/− mice failed to induce Ucp1, Cpt1, and Glut4 in their WAT, pointing to Ucp1-independent thermogenesis in Panx1 −/− mice.

Article Snippet: Serum adipokine concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays for leptin (Quantikine ELISA mouse/rat leptin; R&D systems, Zug, Switzerland), ghrelin (rat/mouse ghrelin total ELISA kit; Millipore, Schaffhausen, Switzerland) or fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) (Quantikine ELISA mouse/rat FGF21; R&D systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Developmental metformin exposure does not rescue physiological impairments derived from early exposure to altered maternal metabolic state in offspring mice

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101860

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-diabetic treatments effects on offspring growth and metabolic hormone levels is dependent on maternal metabolic state. (A–C) Male offspring body weight from vehicle-treated group, from insulin-treated mothers and from metformin-treated group from P4 to P21 (n = 11–14/group). (D) Male offspring body weight at P16 and (E) body weight change from P4 to P16 (n = 16–21/group). (F) Blood glucose levels (n = 18–20/group), (G) insulin, (H) leptin, (I) ghrelin and (J) GDF15 plasma levels in P16 male offspring (n = 5–7/group). (K–M) Female offspring body weight from vehicle-treated group, from insulin-treated mothers and from metformin-treated group from P4 to P21 (n = 10–14/group). (N) Female offspring body weight at P16 and (O) body weight changes from P4 to P16 (n = 16–21/group). (P) Blood glucose levels (n = 7–18/group), (Q) insulin, (R) leptin, (S) ghrelin and (T) GDF15 plasma levels in P16 female offspring (n = 3–7/group). Connecting lines represent mean and SEM is represented as colour-specific surrounding fill area, dotted line indicates P16 time-point (A, B, C, K, L, M). In data plotted as box plots (D, E, N, O) whiskers are min. to max., hinges of boxes are 25th and 75th percentiles, and the middle line is the median. In bar graphs (F, G, H, I, J, P, Q, R, S, T), data are expressed as mean ± SEM with single data points. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 derived from 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures (diet x time; A, B, C, K, L, M) and 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons (diet x treatment; D, E, F, G, H, I, J, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T), ##p < 0.01 compared to CD/CD/MET (T). CD/CD: gestational and lactational control diet-exposed, CD/HFD: gestational control diet and lactational high-fat diet-exposed, HFD/HFD: gestational and lactational high-fat diet-exposed.

Article Snippet: Insulin levels were determined using the Ultra-sensitive mouse insulin ELISA kit (#90082, Lot 21APUMI623A, Crystal Chem), leptin levels were measured using the Mouse Leptin ELISA kit (#90030, Lot 21OCML444, Crystal Chem), total ghrelin was quantified using the Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Total) ELISA Kit (#EZRGRT-91K, Lot 3799697, Millipore), and GDF15 levels were measured using the mouse/rat GDF-15 quantikine ELISA kit (#MGD1500, R&D systems) according to the manufacturer's procedure guidelines.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Derivative Assay, Control

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Developmental metformin exposure does not rescue physiological impairments derived from early exposure to altered maternal metabolic state in offspring mice

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101860

Figure Lengend Snippet: Two-way ANOVA results for Figure 2 .

Article Snippet: Insulin levels were determined using the Ultra-sensitive mouse insulin ELISA kit (#90082, Lot 21APUMI623A, Crystal Chem), leptin levels were measured using the Mouse Leptin ELISA kit (#90030, Lot 21OCML444, Crystal Chem), total ghrelin was quantified using the Rat/Mouse Ghrelin (Total) ELISA Kit (#EZRGRT-91K, Lot 3799697, Millipore), and GDF15 levels were measured using the mouse/rat GDF-15 quantikine ELISA kit (#MGD1500, R&D systems) according to the manufacturer's procedure guidelines.

Techniques: